नेपाल भाषा नेवा भ्हय
Nepal Bhasa (नेपाल भाषा, Nēpāl bhāṣā, also known as Newāh Bhāy) is one of the major languages of Nepal. It was Nepal's administrative and day-to-day language from the 14th to the late 18th centuries. Nepal Bhasa is spoken today as a mother tongue by the Newars, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions.
Outside Nepal, Nepal Bhasa is also spoken in India, particularly in Sikkim where it is one of the 11 official languages.
Nepal Bhasa is classified as a Tibeto-Burman language, but it has been greatly influenced by Indo-Aryan languages.
Outside Nepal, Nepal Bhasa is also spoken in India, particularly in Sikkim where it is one of the 11 official languages.
Nepal Bhasa is classified as a Tibeto-Burman language, but it has been greatly influenced by Indo-Aryan languages.
The Name
The earliest occurrences of the name Nepal Bhasa can be found in the manuscripts Narad Sanhita, dated 1380 AD, and Amarkosh, dated 1389 AD.Since then, the name has been used widely on inscriptions, manuscripts, documents and books.
Copper plate inscription
at Swayambhu dated
Nepal Sambat 1072 (1952 AD).
In the 1920s, the name of the language known as Khaskura, Gorkhali or Parbatiya was changed to Nepali, and Nepal Bhasa began to be officially referred to as Newari while the Newars continued using the original term. Similarly, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.
On 8 September 1995, following years of lobbying to use the standard name, the government decided that the name Nepal Bhasa should be used instead of Newari. However, the decision was not implemented, and on 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari language. However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so.
History and development
Nepal Bhasa words appeared in Sanskrit inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley for the first time in the fifth century. The words are names of places, taxes and merchandise indicating that it already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period (approximately 400-750 AD).
Inscriptions in Nepal Bhasa emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah being the first example. By the 14th century, Nepal Bhasa had become an administrative language as shown by the official proclamations and public notices written in it. The first books, manuals, histories and dictionaries also appeared during this time. The Gopalarajavamsavali, a history of Nepal, appeared in 1389 AD.
Nepal Bhasa developed from the 14th to the late 18th centuries as the court and state language of Nepal.It was the definite language of stone and copper plate inscriptions, royal decrees, chronicles, Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds, correspondence and creative writing. Records of the life-cycle ceremonies of Malla royalty and the materials used were written in Nepal Bhasa.[
The period 1505-1847 AD was a golden age for Nepal Bhasa literature. Poetry, stories, epics and dramas were produced in great numbers during this time which is known as the Classical Period.
Nepal Bhasa movement
Newars have been fighting to save their language from the time of the repressive Rana regime till today.The movement arose against the suppression of the language that began with the rise of the Shah dynasty in 1768 AD, and intensified during the Rana regime (1846–1951) and Panchayat system (1960–1990).
At various times, the government has forbidden literature in Nepal Bhasa, banned official use and removed it from the media and the educational system. Activism has taken the form of publication of books and periodicals to public meets and protest rallies.
Writers and language workers have been jailed or expelled from the country, and they have continued the movement abroad. The struggle for linguistic rights has sometimes combined with the movement for religious and political freedom in Nepal
Affixes
i. Suffix- "Chaa" and "Ju" are two popular suffixes. "Chaa" is added to signify "junior" or "lesser". But when added to a name, it is used derogatorily. For example, kya'ah-chaa means nephew where "chaa" is being added to kya'ah(son). When added to name like Birat for "Birat-chaa", it is being used derogatorily. The suffix "ju" is added to show respect. For example, "Baa-ju" means "father-in-law" where "ju" is added to "Baa(father)". Unlike "chaa", "ju" is not added to a first/last name directly. Instead, honorific terms like "Bhaaju" is added for males and "Mayju" for females. Example, "Birat bhaaju" for a male name (Birat) and "Suja Mayju" for a female name (Suja).
ii. Prefix – "Tap'ah" is added to denote "remote" or "distant" relative ('distance' in relationship irrespective of spatial extent). A distant (younger) brother (kija) becomes "tap'ah-kija". "Tuh" is added to denote "higher". Father (baa)'s senior brother is referred to as "Tuh-baa".
Creative literature at a glance
First Story Book - Tantrakhyan (1518 A.D.)
First Song - Walangata Simule Swambaraya (In reign of Pranmol malla, 1523-1550 A.D.)
First One-act Play - Ekadashi Brata (1633A.D.) by Sidhhinarasigh Malla
First Drama - Mooldev Shashidev by Jagat Prakash Malla (1645-1673 A.D.
Learn Some Newarii
English Nepal Basa Good Morning/afternoon/evening/night Jwa-ja-la-paa What Chuu This Thwa That Wa Yes Khah No Ma-khu What Chuu When Ga- ba-le Where Ga-na Which Gu-gu(goo) Who Su(soo) Why Su-yaa Whose Su-yaa Whom Gu-mha How(in what way) Ga-the (-the as in theft) How (to what degree) Gu-li Best Wishes Bhin-tu-naa Welcome La-sa-ku-sa Thank you Su-bhaay Left De-paay Right Ja-way Straight ahead Ta-pyanka Bridge Taa City Sa-har Crossroad Pe-kaa-laa Farm Buu House Chhee Lane Galli Lawn Khyah Mountain Paa- haar Pond Pu-khuu River Khu-si Road Laa Shelter Phal-chaa Temple De-gah Tree Si-maa Village Gaa Well Tun-chhi s lunch/dinnerready Jaa-bu-ta-laa? (rice cooked) What’s for lunch/diner? Thauu chuu tar-kaa-ri? (today what vegetable) No meat? Laa-ma-du-laa? (meat is not there) We will have fish tomorrow Ka-nhay nyaa da-ye-ke-gu Your lunch is getting cold Jaa-khwaa-unn-la I will cut the vegetables. Jinn ta-ra-kaa-ri taa-naa bi-i The milk is boiling over Du-ru daa-si wa-la You can out the pan on the fire. Taa-kyaa de-chuu-saa ji-la The fire is burning idly. Mi gyaah ju-la. Something is smoking. Kuu wa-la The roof is leaking. Paujwah There won’t be any lights today. Thauu ma-ata-wa-i ma-khu. The try is dry. Hi-ti-i lah ma-wah I have been robbed Ji-thay khu-yaa yanka-la I lost my Ji-gu ______________ta-na. My room is on fire. Ji-gu ko-thaa mi chyaa-naa chwa-na Water lah Cooking pot Ka-sah-ri Cup Ka-yah (-yo) Fork Kaa-taa Griddle Dwaah Kitchen knife Ku-inn Ladle Dha-wah Pan Taa-kyaa Pitcher Ghah Plate De-maa Spatula Cha-tann Spoon Cham-chaa Stove Bhu-tuu(-too) Utensils Tha-la-ba-la Beans Buu-bah (boo-) Breakfast Kau-laa Meat Laa Minced meat Chunn-laa Chicken meat Khaa-yaa laa Curry Ka-waaph Dinner Be-li (belly) Egg Kheynn Feast Bhway Fish Nyaa (Kenya) Fruits Si-saa-bu-saa Lunch Jyah-naa Relish a-chaar Rice Jaa Snack Tuch-chaa Bag Mhi-chaa Basket Daa-laa Bell Gaa (nasal) Book Sa-phuu Broom Tu-phi Cap Ta-pu-li Comb Ka-ki-chaa Glasses Chas-maa Key Taah-chaa Paper Bhoo Rope Khi-pah (-paw) Soap Saa-buu Stick Ka-thi Straw mat Su-kuu (-coo) Towel Ru-maal Umbrella Ku-saa Ash Nau Betel leaf/nut Gwaah/gway Branch Si-maa ka-chaa Clay Chaa Dream Mah-gas Ghost Sik (seek) Help Gwaa-haa-li Idiot Gwaa-jyah Love Ma-ti-naa Money Dhya-baa Sand Phi Stone Lwa-haa Thief Khuu Wage Jayaa-laa Wood Sii Work jyaa Father Baa Mother Maa Grandfather Baa-jyaa Grandmother a-ji Husband Bhaah-ta Wife Ka-laah Elder brother Daa-i Elder sister Ta-taa Younger brother Ki-jaa Younger sister Ke-henn Maternal uncle Paa-ju Maternal aunt Ma-le Relations Thah-thi-ti What is that? Wa chuu khah? What do you mean by ______? dhaah-gu-chhu? What is this called? Thaw-yaa-ta-chuu dhaai? Can I use your phone? Phone chha-kah yaa-ye jiu laa? What time is it? Gu-li-ba-je-ju-la? What is this for? Thaw chuu yaa-ye-ta? What is the matter? Chhu ju-la? What are you doing? Chuu yaa-naa chwa-naa di-yaa? Open the door. Khaa-paa chaa-ye-ki. Close the window. Jhyaah tiu. The door is locked. Khaa-paay yaa-lann gwa-yaa tah-gu du. (door locked) Turn on the TV. TV chaa-ye-ki. Who is there at the door? Ku-ne su wah-gu? There is somebody to see you. Chhanta naa-pa-laah wa-la. Did anybody phone me? Ji-tah su-naa-nann phone yaah laa? The letter has not arrived. Chi-thi ma-thyann-ni. Today Thaunn Tomorrow Ka-nhay Yesterday Mhi-gah Atmidnight Chaa-nhay At night Ba-ha-ni-i Day after tomorrow Kann-sa Day before yesterday Mhi-i-ga Early Nhaa-paann Everyday Nhinn-nhinn Now Aah Immediately Thaa-thenn In the day Nhi-nay In the evening Sa-ni-lay In the morning Su-thay Last year Tha-gu-ne Late li-baa-ka Later li-paa Moments ago Nak-ti-ni Never Ga-ba-lenn Full moon Pu-nhi New moon aa-maai Next week Ne-gu waa-lay Next year aa-ki-wann This year Thu-gu-si-i Sometimes Ga-ba-lenn Time Ii (as in ee) I am coming Wala I am coming too Ji nann wa-ye I am out of here Ji laa wa-na Here, please take it Ka-yaa-di-sann How are things? Chuu du? How is that? Gay chwann? Hurry up Yaa-ka-nann-yaa I don’t think it’s true Khai ma-khu I was joking a-thenn dha yaa-gu It wasn’t me Ji ma-khu It’s late li-baa-ta It’s not time yet Ma-tyah-ni It’s time Tya-la Just a moment Pa-lakh aa-se Let’s go Wa-ne-nu Really Dhaat-thenn khah There is no rush Ha-thaay ma juu This way please Thu-khenn jhaa-sann Wait up aa-se What a time it took you Ga-baay-ta maah-gu Where’s ___ (someone) gone? ____ga-na-wa-na? How are you? Mhan –phu-laa? I am fine Mhan- phu My name is … Ji –gu naa…..khah. This is my friend Mary. Thwa ji-mii paa-saa Mary Khah. (This my friend Mary is) House/home Cheen Where do you live? Chhigu chhen ga-na khah? (Your house where is) I live in Sydney. Ji-gu cheen Sydney khah (My house Sydney in is) How are things? Gay chwan? (how is) Fine Baan laah Please come in Jhaa-saa Please have a seat Di-saa Bon appetite Bu-lun bah-pi I am sorry Maph yaa-naa di-saa Maybe Kha-ye-phu Don’t know Ma-siu It’s ok Jiu It’s not ok Ma-jiu Never mind Mawaah-la Isn’t it? Ma-khu laa Don’t do that! Yaa-ye-ma-te! Give way Bi-naa-bi I am done for Kaa phu-ta Sucks Chhi-chhi
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